Published Date: June 25, 2024
Author: HANetf
After a landmark year for uranium markets in 2023, 2024 has been an important step forward. Over the past few months, the uranium spot price has largely been in a consolidation phase between $85 to $95 per pound. Meanwhile, uranium miners’ performance has fared better, playing catch-up to the commodity’s previous gains.
On the commodity front, multiple factors are at play. The uranium bull market is still well underway. The uranium spot price increased 88.54% last year, with the majority of this occurring in a rapid, almost straight upward movement during the latter half of the year. As such, we believe a natural correction within the broader context of a bullish market cycle is a healthy sign of a functioning market.
Besides being a pause in a longer-term bull market, the uranium spot market has been susceptible to broader factors like broader commodities weakness, seasonal softness and a lack of expected buying activity with the passage of the Prohibiting Russian Uranium Imports Act (more on the latter below). On the other hand, fundamentals continue to strengthen with nuclear power plant restarts, new builds and a deepening supply deficit. Notably, the spot market may have paused, but the increasingly positive fundamental picture has played out differently for both the term market and uranium miners.
Uranium contracting activity is predominantly done under long-term contracts by miners and utilities who are looking to secure future supplies of uranium for nuclear power plants. The long-term contract price has lagged the spot price’s tremendous gains. However, now, as the spot price is consolidating, the term price has continued its upward climb. Ending May at $77 per pound, the term price is now at its highest level in almost 16 years (since 2008). These long-term contracts also generally contain ceilings and floors, which have been increasing as well. Ceilings are now reported at $110 to $130 per pound, while floors have increased to the mid $60s to low $70s. With these higher prices, uranium miners contracting today are set to benefit directly by locking in better terms than those that existed in the past decade.
Over the longer term, physical uranium and uranium miners have demonstrated significant outperformance against broad asset classes, particularly other commodities. For the five years ended May 31, 2024, the U3O8 spot price has risen a cumulative 275.00% compared to 32.54% for the broader commodities index (BCOM).
After months of waiting since the U.S. House passed the Prohibiting Russian Uranium Imports Act (the Act), the Senate unanimously passed it on April 30th, and U.S. President Joe Biden signed it into law on May 13th. In less than 90 days, the Act will ban Russian-enriched uranium imports to the U.S., initiating the eventual severance of roughly $1 billion dollars in trade and 24% of the U.S.’s 2023 enriched uranium supply.
The Act prohibits the importation of unirradiated, low-enriched uranium produced in Russia or by a Russian entity. It does include a waiver provision that authorizes the importation of uranium if the Secretary of Energy determines that there is no alternative viable source of uranium to sustain the continued operation of a U.S. nuclear reactor or if the importation of Russian-produced uranium is in the national interest. It also limits the imports of low-enriched uranium as follows (these are identical to those in the Russian Suspension Agreement):
Further, any waivers issued shall terminate no later than January 1, 2028. The implementation of legislation with a certain date, at the latest 2028, for which the U.S. will absolutely prohibit the imports of Russian uranium has multiple simultaneous benefits.
The Act increased energy security by decreasing the dependence on Russian-supplied fuels. As evidenced by the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, reliance on Russian fuels and fuel services can pose significant threats. This is not different for the uranium market, where Russia controls 5% of the world’s uranium mine production, 29% of conversion and 44% of enrichment capacity. However, the West specifically is only reliant on Russia for 30% of their enriched uranium. Even so, the world is dependent on Russian uranium and uranium services, especially enrichment, and the Act forces these connections to unwind.
The Act also paves the way for increasing capacity in the U.S. uranium supply chain. Without access to cheap Russian uranium services, there will be an increased need for domestic uranium, including conversion and enrichment capacity. Further, the Act unlocks $2.7 billion of government aid to rebuild domestic nuclear fuel production. The $2.7 billion is part of a larger package totalling $3.4 billion to buy domestically produced nuclear reactor fuel. As soon as June, the U.S. plans to solicit bids for up to $3.4 billion for companies to buy domestically produced nuclear fuel. These developments benefit the entire U.S. nuclear value chain, including uranium miners, as U.S. enrichment may likely favour domestically mined uranium sources.
The Act also may yet spur an increase in utility’s uranium buying activity. Especially considering that after the House initially passed the Act, Tenex, a subsidiary of Russia’s state-owned nuclear power company Rosatom, warned American customers that if this Act passes, Russia might pre-emptively bar exports of its supply to the U.S., further exacerbating supply uncertainty.
That said, we believe utilities have been focused on how waivers will be issued to allow for Russian enriched uranium imports and avoid potential reactor outages. This may have been further complicated as Tenex sent a notice of force majeure to U.S. utilities after the Act with signed. Per S&P Global, the notice stated that “the waivers would cause Tenex to either stop enriching and delivering uranium for U.S. customers or receive financial guarantees that customers would pay for the material regardless of their ability to secure a waiver.” The notice also stated either to “accept an indefinite delay in receiving their enriched uranium or make financial arrangement to pay regardless of a waiver within 60 days of May 14, the date of the notice.”
Term contracting in 2024 stands at a modest 28.1 million pounds of U3O8 as of the end of May but may stand to increase significantly. Term contracting increased from 124.6 million pounds of U3O8e in 2022 to 160.8 million pounds of U3O8e in 2023. This represents the highest global contracting rate in over a decade and nears “replacement rate contracting,” which aims to meet annual nuclear reactor fuel needs. Ultimately, world uranium mine production falls well short of world uranium reactor requirements, and therefore, utilities must either contract for their future uranium requirements or drawdown inventory levels. Given heightened geopolitical risks and supply uncertainty, the latter may be increasingly prudent to avoid.
On May 2, NAC Kazatomprom JSC (Kazatomprom), announced that the completion of the construction and the start of production of its new sulfuric acid plant was to be postponed from 2026 to 2027. This follows their announcement at their previous operational update that they would reduce their 2024 and 2025 production guidance due to shortages of sulfuric acid and construction delays. This amounted to a 14% reduction in production guidance and given that Kazatomprom is the largest and lowest-cost uranium miner in the world, this represents a 6% reduction in the global mine supply of uranium. Given Kazatomprom’s global significance, the sulfuric acid shortage may continue to dampen uranium supply and increases the risk of another production guidance reduction for 2025 (to be released in August).
In May, a restart of the Azelik mine in Niger was announced. The mine had started operation in 2010, but was suspended nearly a decade ago, given the lower uranium price environment at the time and higher production costs. The announcement did not include a specific date for the restart, but it is a welcome development for the industry with an annual capacity of 1.82 million pounds U3O8. In July 2023, the Nigerien Government at that time signed a memorandum of understanding with China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, to restart activities. However, since then, the government of Niger has been overthrown. A military junta led a coup d’état in July 2023, overthrowing the democratically elected president. Niger has adopted an increasingly anti-Western stance, and the current state remains in flux, reflecting increasing geopolitical risk.
Uranium demand remains ever-present, with nuclear reactor buildouts in full force. Bloomberg reported that the world’s biggest nuclear power plant may likely resume generation this year after more than a decade offline. This joins the increasing numbers of nuclear reactors coming online, creating a growing need for uranium. Globally, there are 440 nuclear reactors in operation, 60 under construction, 92 planned and 343 proposed.
Source of all performance data: Bloomberg / HANetf as of 31.05.2024. Additional sources available upon request. All performance figures are showing net data. Past performance is not indicative of future performance and when you invest in ETFs your capital is at risk.
We believe that uranium’s recent pause may be an attractive entry point in the overall uranium bull market. A longstanding primary supply deficit and renewed interest in nuclear energy highlight the real challenges to bring the market back into balance. With no meaningful new supply on the horizon for three to five years, we believe this bull market has further room to run. While last year’s multi-year record in long-term uranium contracting was celebrated, the overall numbers disguise a bifurcated market. Some utilities are well covered, while others have ignored the powerful market signals and failed to adapt their procurement strategies to the new market realities.
With global uranium mine production well short of the world’s uranium reactor requirements, the supply deficit building over the next decade, and near-term supply inhibited by long lead times and capital intensity, we believe that restarts and new mines in development are critical. The uranium price target as an incentive level for further restarts and greenfield development is a moving target, and we believe that we will need higher uranium prices to incentivize enough production to meet forecasted deficits. Over the long term, increased demand in the face of an uncertain uranium supply may likely continue supporting a sustained bull market.
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Please note that all performance figures are showing net data. Source: Bloomberg / HANetf. Data as of 31/05/2024
Performance before inception is based on back-tested data. Backtesting is the process of evaluating an investment strategy by applying it to historical data to simulate what the performance of such a strategy would have been. Back-tested data does not represent actual performance and should not be interpreted as an indication of actual or future performance. Past performance for the index is in USD. Past performance is not an indicator for future results and should not be the sole factor of consideration when selecting a product. Investors should read the prospectus of the Issuer (“Prospectus”) before investing and should refer to the section of the Prospectus entitled ‘Risk Factors’ for further details of risks associated with an investment in this product. When you invest in ETFs and ETCs, your capital is at risk.
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